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Why Do Cardiac Enzymes Rise After An Acute Myocardial Infarction

When the heart suffers an injury, such as a heart attack, it releases certain enzymes. These enzymes are biomarkers that tell doctors when someone’s heart is damaged.Enzymes are proteins produced by the body to speed up specific chemical reactions in the body. The cardiac enzymes that doctors measure to see if a person is having a heart attack include troponin T (TnT) and troponin I (TnI).Both troponin types are commonly checked because they are the most specific enzymes to a heart attack. Doctors may also check the levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and myoglobin in some situations.These enzymes are normally present in low quantities in the bloodstream. When these levels are elevated, it indicates that the heart muscle may be injured or may not be getting enough oxygen.In this article, we take a look at the cardiac enzyme test and the possible causes behind elevated cardiac enzyme levels. We also look at what treatments may be required if someone has high cardiac enzyme levels.Share on PinterestA cardiac enzyme test is performed after a heart attack to asses whether the heart is damaged.A cardiac enzyme test is a blood test that measures the cardiac enzymes in the blood. A technician will insert a needle into a person’s arm and draw a sample of blood. They will send the sample to a lab where it will be analyzed for cardiac enzymes.People undergoing a cardiac enzyme test do not need to fast or undergo any special preparations. Doctors often order this test in an emergency situation when they suspect a person may be having a heart attack.The results of a cardiac enzyme test can indicate if someone had a heart attack.Levels of troponin are normally so low that this enzyme is undetectable in the blood. If someone’s cardiac enzyme test comes back positive for troponin, they have likely had a heart attack or injury to the heart.The results of a cardiac enzyme test can also help a doctor to assess the level of damage caused by the heart attack. The more troponin found in the blood, the more damaged the heart generally is.Doctors and scientists measure troponin in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). The more nanograms per milliliter found in the blood, the higher the likelihood of a heart attack.A cardiac enzyme test may come back normal if the test is performed too soon after an injury to the heart. A doctor will generally repeat a cardiac enzyme test after several hours as a result.There are a few other factors that may cause cardiac enzyme levels to be elevated.These include the following:pulmonary hypertensiontachycardia, where the heart beats faster than normalpulmonary embolism, a blockage of an artery in the lungskidney diseasecongestive heart failureweakening of the heart muscleinjury or trauma to the heart muscle, such as from a car accidentprolonged exerciseswelling of the heart muscleopen heart surgerycardiac stentingcardiac ablationShare on PinterestMedication is often prescribed following a cardiac enzyme test to prevent future heart attacks or treat heart damage.A doctor will likely order other tests in addition to a cardiac enzyme test. This is because other factors besides heart attacks can cause high cardiac enzyme levels.These tests may include the following:other blood testselectrocardiogramechocardiogramchest X-rayangiogramstress testheart CT scanIf the reason for the elevated cardiac enzymes is not a heart attack, a doctor may treat whatever condition is causing the enzyme levels to be elevated. The doctor may also suggest that a person makes healthful lifestyle changes to keep the heart working as well as possible.If a doctor determines that a heart attack caused the elevated cardiac enzymes levels, the person will require treatment in the hospital with medications or surgery to restore blood flow to the heart.Doctors may also prescribe the following medications for a person who has had a heart attack:drugs that dissolve blood clots, known as thrombolyticsblood thinners, such as heparinantiplatelet agents to keep blood clots from getting biggernitroglycerinbeta-blockersACE inhibitorspain medicationsA doctor may recommend that a person who has just had a heart attack should have surgery in addition to treatment with medications. Doctors may suggest coronary stenting or coronary artery bypass surgery.Coronary stentingDuring this procedure, a doctor will guide a long thin tube through an artery to find blockages. When the doctor locates a blockage, they will use a tool on the end of the tube to open the blocked artery and insert a metal stent to keep the artery open.The person who had the heart attack is normally awake or under light sedation. People require less recovery time after this procedure than after a coronary bypass.Coronary bypassA coronary artery bypass is major surgery that may occur immediately following a heart attack, or shortly after to give the heart a chance to recover.During a coronary artery bypass, a doctor will remove a portion of the blocked artery and stitch the artery back together.Heart attacks are a medical emergency. People who have high cardiac enzyme levels must follow all of their doctor’s instructions for the best outcomes. People who receive faster treatment also generally have better outcomes than those who wait for treatment.The outlook for people varies based on what is causing the elevated enzyme levels. A doctor can advise a person on their specific outlook and the best ways to keep their heart as healthy as possible.

Video about Why Do Cardiac Enzymes Rise After An Acute Myocardial Infarction

Cardiac Enzymes (Cardiac Markers)

This video explains the pathophysiology and indications of cardiac enzymes (cardiac markers). It delineates the difference between Troponin, CK-MB and Myoglobin and discusses their onset, peak, and duration.

You may also find these other videos in my CARDIAC DISORDERS PLAYLIST helpful:

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack):

Nursing considerations and Medications for Myocardial Infarction:

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) & Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS):

Cardiac Medications:

Collateral Circulation:

Cardiac Enzymes:

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) aka Angiogram:

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG):

Heart Failure:

Cardiogenic Shock:

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