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Inflammation Of The Membrane Surrounding The Brain And Spinal Cord
Meningitis causes swelling in the meninges, the protective membrane surrounding the spinal cord and brain. It is a serious illness that can be deadly. Treatment will vary depending on the type of meningitis a person has, but anyone who suspects they may have meningitis of any kind should seek immediate medical help.Meningitis causes swelling in the brain’s meninges, a protective coating covering the brain. There are many different types of meningitis, with different causes. The type of meningitis a person has can affect the outlook. Doctors sometimes divide meningitis into two categories: infectious meningitis, which happens when a pathogen invades the meninges, and noninfectious meningitis, which happens when a disease attacks the meninges or an injury affects it. The viral and bacterial infections that cause infectious meningitis are typically contagious. Noninfectious meningitis is not contagious.Doctors treat meningitis differently depending on the type and cause. This article will explore the different types of meningitis, and the symptoms, causes, and treatments for each type. It will also provide information on the meningitis vaccine. Infectious meningitis occurs when a pathogen reaches the meninges. There are several different types of infectious meningitis. They are:Bacterial meningitisBacterial meningitis happens when a bacterial infection spreads to the meninges surrounding the brain. Severe cases can cause death in just a few hours or days. SymptomsSymptoms may come on suddenly, and are usually much worse than those of viral meningitis. A person with bacterial meningitis may already be sick from another illness. The infection may have progressed to meningitis if they develop these symptoms: headachefeverstiff necklight sensitivitynausea and vomitingconfusion or changes in mood People with meningitis, including bacterial meningitis, may have Kernig sign, which is a specific type of stiff neck. While a person lays on their back, a doctor will ask a person to bend their knees and move their thighs up against the abdomen. When a doctor or other person attempts to extend the legs, it may cause intense low back or thigh pain. Another stiff neck sign is the Brudzinski sign. A person lies flat on their back and a healthcare professional flexes the neck up and forward. The test is positive and suggests meningitis if this causes a person to flex their hips and knees. These signs can occur with any type of meningitis, but are more common with severe meningitis. TreatmentTreatment for bacterial meningitis involves using antibiotics to kill the suspected bacteria. A doctor may first prescribe several broad spectrum antibiotics, then change the treatment once laboratory tests confirm which kind of bacteria has affected the meninges. People with bacterial meningitis may need to stay in the hospital for observation and additional care, such as breathing support and intravenous (IV) fluids. Viral meningitisViral meningitis occurs when a viral infection spreads to the meninges. The viral infections that cause viral meningitis do not normally lead to meningitis in healthy people. Babies, the elderly, and people with weak immune systems are more vulnerable to meningitis infections from certain viruses. Those viruses include: SymptomsThe symptoms of viral meningitis are similar to those of other types of meningitis, and include: headachestiff necklight sensitivityconfusionvomiting and nausea A person cannot distinguish viral meningitis from other forms of this disease based on symptoms alone. TreatmentAntibiotics will not treat viral meningitis or the infections that cause it, though a doctor may give a person antibiotics until it is possible to fully rule out a bacterial infection. In many cases, people with viral meningitis do not need any specific treatment. In some cases, a person may need supportive care such as fluids, help breathing, or observation in a hospital. Most people get better on their own without treatment. Fungal meningitisFungal meningitis happens when a fungal infection travels to the brain. These infections are more common in very young babies and people with weak immune systems. For example, cryptococcal meningitis occurs in soil throughout the world, and usually does not make people sick. However, it can cause serious health problems in those with weak immune systems. The fungi that cause fungal meningitis can spread from the environment to a person, but these fungi do not spread from person to person.SymptomsLike other types of meningitis, fungal meningitis may cause: headachestiff neckfevervomiting and nausealight sensitivityconfusion or changes in mood TreatmentTo treat fungal meningitis, doctors usually give antifungal drugs, often through an IV in the hospital. Amebic meningitis The amoeba Naegleria fowleri can cause amebic meningitis. Most people get exposed through soil or warm water – usually when the water enters the nose. Amebic meningitis is very rare, with just 34 reported infections in the United States between 2009 and 2019. SymptomsThe symptoms begin similar to other forms of meningitis, within 1 to 9 days of exposure. Symptoms include: headachefevervomitingnauseastiff neck Symptoms can progress to more serious neurological symptoms, including: hallucinationseizuresconfusionloss of balance TreatmentSome drugs are effective at killing the amoeba in lab settings, but have not worked well in people. Doctors may try various drugs to save a person’s life, and may also offer supportive care such as breathing support or IV fluids. Almost all people with amebic meningitis die, usually within just a few days. Of 34 infections reported to the CDC between 2009 and 2019, just three people survived. For this reason, a doctor may recommend focusing on comfort and alleviating pain. Parasitic meningitis Amebic meningitis is similar to parasitic meningitis, which happens when a parasite infects the brain. In many cases, these are parasites that infect animals, and they can only enter the human brain when a person has exposure to such animals, such as by eating contaminated meat. Some parasites that can cause this type of meningitis include: A. cantonensis: This comes from eating contaminated produce, or from eating raw or poorly cooked slugs or snails. G. spinigerum: This comes from eating undercooked eels, fish, frogs, snakes, or poultry. B. procyonis: This comes from eating the eggs of the parasite, which are present in raccoon feces. Dirt contaminated with raccoon feces can also spread the infection. SymptomsThe symptoms are the same as other types of meningitis, and include: headache with stiff necksensitivity to lightchanges in mood or perceptionsvomitingnauseaTreatmentNo treatment specifically targets parasitic meningitis. Instead, a doctor may recommend supportive care to reduce pain and other symptoms. In some cases, the reaction of the immune system to the parasite is harmful, so a doctor may prescribe medication such as steroids to reduce this reaction. Noninfectious meningitis does not originate with an external pathogen or parasite. It is not contagious. Noninfectious meningitis can occur when a drug causes swelling around the brain, a chronic illness irritates the meninges, or cancer affects the brain. SymptomsThe symptoms are similar to other types of meningitis, and include: headachefeverstiff necknausea and vomitingconfusion or changes in personalitylight sensitivityA person may suspect they have noninfectious meningitis if they develop these symptoms after taking a new medication, or when they have a serious chronic illness. TreatmentTreatment of noninfectious meningitis focuses on removing the cause of the meningitis. For example, if a person develops meningitis after taking a new drug, they need to stop taking that drug. Doctors then provide supportive care to help the brain and body recover. This may mean staying in the hospital, using a breathing machine, or getting intravenous fluids. A person may take antibiotics until a doctor has conclusively ruled out meningitis.
Video about Inflammation Of The Membrane Surrounding The Brain And Spinal Cord
Spinal cord Meninges
This tutorial covers the meninges (dura, arachnoid and pia mater) that surround and protect the spinal cord.
Click on the link to download accompanying workbook:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1AjwbwPpylv_jEGBJBdlYGKPJ3rh5HnZp?usp=sharing
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