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Explain The Gas Exchange Between The Circulatory And Respiratory Systems.

The most important function of the lungs is to take oxygen from the environment and transfer it to the bloodstream.The lungs are the major organs of the respiratory system, which helps provide the body with a continuous supply of oxygen. The lungs take more than 6 million breaths per year and affect every aspect of our bodies and health.This article looks at the form and function of the lungs, diseases that affect them, and how to maintain healthy lungs.The lungs’ main role is to bring in air from the atmosphere and pass oxygen into the bloodstream. From there, it circulates to the rest of the body.The organs require help from surrounding structures in the body in order to breathe properly. To breathe, we use the muscle of the diaphragm, the intercostal muscles between the ribs, the muscles of the abdomen, and sometimes even muscles in the neck.The diaphragm is a muscle that is domed at the top and sits below the lungs. It powers most of the work necessary in breathing. As it contracts, it moves down, allowing more space in the chest cavity and increasing the lungs’ capacity to expand. As the chest cavity volume increases, the pressure inside goes down, sucking in air through the nose or mouth and down into the lungs.As the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its resting position, the lung volume decreases because the pressure inside the chest cavity goes up, and the lungs expel the air. The lungs are like bellows — as they expand, they suck in air for oxygen. As they compress, the exchanged carbon dioxide waste is pushed back out during exhalation.When air enters the nose or mouth, it travels down the trachea, also known as the windpipe. After this, it reaches a section called the carina. At the carina, the windpipe splits into two, creating two mainstem bronchi. One leads to the left lung and the other to the right.From there, similar to branches on a tree, the pipe-like bronchi split again into smaller bronchi and then even smaller bronchioles. This ever-decreasing pipework eventually terminates in the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs. Here, gas exchange occurs.Learn more about how the respiratory system works.The lungs reside in the chest, behind the rib cage on either side of the heart. They are roughly conical in shape with a rounded point at their apex and a flatter base where they meet the diaphragm.Although they are a pair, the lungs are not equal in size and shape. While the left lung has an indentation bordering where the heart resides, called the cardiac notch, the right lung is shorter to allow space for the liver below. Overall, the left lung has a slightly smaller weight and capacity than the right.Two membranes, known as the pulmonary pleurae, surround the lungs. The inner layer directly lines the outer surface of the lungs, and the outer layer attaches to the inner wall of the rib cage. The space between the two membranes contains pleural fluid, which helps the pleura stay moist and reduces friction between the membranes when breathing.Click on the BodyMap above to interact with a 3D model of the lungs.Lung function tests, also known as pulmonary function tests, check how well the lungs work and can help investigate breathing problems. For example, tests can help screen and diagnose lung conditions such as asthma and COPD. They can also measure levels of function, monitor lung conditions, and see if treatments are working. Some examples of lung function tests include:Spirometry: This test measures how much and how quickly people can move air in and out of their lungs. Plethysmography: Also known as a lung volume test, this measures the amount of air individuals can hold in the lungs and how much air remains after breathing out.Gas diffusion test: This test can measure gases, such as oxygen, moving from the lungs to the bloodstream.Exercise stress test: This test typically involves a bike or treadmill to investigate how exercise affects lung function.A doctor may also suggest some imaging scans to help diagnose, screen, and monitor lung function.The alveoli are the endpoint of the oxygen’s journey from the outside atmosphere to the depths of the lungs. Alveoli are minute sacs that are microscopic in size, each wrapped in a fine mesh of capillaries. The total surface area of membrane that the alveoli provide is roughly 70 meters squared, or around the size of half a tennis court.After the lungs, the body takes oxygen out of the bloodstream to its other tissues as it travels around the circulatory system. The blood that has given up its oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide from the tissues then passes through the heart and travels to the lungs to reach the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.The alveoli now contain a new supply of oxygen that a person has inhaled. This oxygen passes across a membrane, called the alveolar-capillary membrane, into the bloodstream. At the same time, the carbon dioxide that has collected in the bloodstream during its travels around the body enters the alveoli. From there, a person’s body breathes it back out into the atmosphere during exhalation.Put simply, as the oxygen goes in, carbon dioxide comes out — an example of a gas exchange process.Special cells in the alveoli produce a compound known as pulmonary surfactant. It comprises lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Surfactant features both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions — water attracts hydrophilic regions but repels hydrophobic regions.Pulmonary surfactant has several vital functions, including allowing for better breathing efficiency and preventing the alveoli from collapsing on themselves. Each alveolus is similar to a plastic bag that is wet inside. If there were no surfactant, the bag would collapse in on itself and the internal sides would stick together. Surfactant prevents this from happening to the alveoli.Pulmonary surfactant carries out its role by reducing the amount of surface tension. By doing this, it reduces the effort necessary to inflate the alveoli.Respiration is the best-known role of the lungs, but they carry out other important functions, including:Balancing pH: Too much carbon dioxide can cause the body to become acidic. If the lungs detect a rise in acidity, they increase the ventilation rate to expel more of the unwanted gas, which helps balance pH.Protecting the body: The lungs help protect the body from harmful substances. For example, they can secrete immunoglobulin A, which can prevent infection. Additionally, the lungs can use mucociliary clearance. This involves mucus trapping pathogens and dust particles, after which small hair-like projections, known as cilia, move these particles upward so the body can either cough them out or swallow and destroy them using the digestive system.Speech: Without airflow, a person would be unable to speak.Respiratory diseases can affect any part of the respiratory system, from the upper respiratory tract to the bronchi and down into the alveoli. Some examples of conditions that affect the lungs include the below.Inflammatory lung diseasesThis group includes:COPD usually results from the damage that tobacco smoking causes to the lungs.Asthma involves an obstructive narrowing and swelling of the airways and the production of excess mucus. This triggers shortness of breath and wheezing. Triggers can include:tobacco and wood smokedust mitesair pollutioncockroach allergensmoldstressinfectionssome foodsRestrictive lung diseasesThis means that the airway is restricted, so the amount of air a person can take in is reduced, and breathing in becomes harder. It can occur due to:the lungs becoming stiffairways filling with phlegma problem with the chest wall or breathing muscles, for example, as with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisa curvature of the spineobesityRespiratory tract infectionsInfections can occur at any point in the respiratory tract. Some examples include:Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI): The most frequent URTI is the common cold. Others include laryngitis, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis.Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI): The most common type is bacterial infection, especially bacterial pneumonia. Other causes of LRTI include viruses and fungi.Complications can develop from these types of infections, including lung abscesses and the spread of infection to the pleural cavity.Lung cancerLung cancer is when cells in the lungs divide uncontrollably. This can cause tumors to grow, which can reduce a person’s ability to breathe. Evidence suggests lung cancer is the third most common cancer and the main cause of cancer-related death in the U.S.Smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer, but other risk factors can include a family history of the disease and exposure to radiation or certain chemicals.Pleural cavity diseasesThe pleural cavity is the gap between the inner and outer pleural membranes that encase the outside of the lungs.Pleural effusion describes a build-up of fluid in the pleural cavity. It always results from other conditions, such as cancer, congestive heart failure, or liver cirrhosis. A collapsed lung, also known as pneumothorax, occurs when air gets into the space between the chest wall and the lung, called the pleural space. This can compress the lungs, and when severe, it causes them to collapse like a balloon.Pulmonary vascular diseasePulmonary vascular diseases affect the vessels that carry blood through the lungs. Examples can include:Pulmonary artery embolism: A blood clot forms elsewhere in the body and travels in the bloodstream to the heart and then to the lungs, where it becomes lodged. This can result in sudden death. More rarely, an embolism can consist of fat, amniotic fluid, or air.Pulmonary arterial hypertension: Increased pressure can build up in the pulmonary arteries. Sometimes, the reasons for this are unclear.Pulmonary edema: This occurs when fluid leaks from capillaries into the air spaces within the alveoli. It most often happens due to congestive heart failure.Some ways of keeping the lungs healthy include:Not smoking: Smoking tobacco, including secondhand smoke, can lead to lung cancer and COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Over time, it causes a narrowing of the airways, lung inflammation, and tissue damage.Prevent infection: Ways to prevent the spread of respiratory infections include washing hands, avoiding crowds in flu season, and asking your health provider about influenza and pneumonia vaccinations.Exercise: Aerobic exercise improves lung capacity, and staying fit can ward off other diseases that might affect the lungs.Check-ups: Regular health checks, even when feeling well, can detect problems in the early stages, when it is easier to treat them.Avoiding pollutant exposure: Garden or home chemicals may damage the lungs. With this in mind, wear a mask if using strong chemicals. Additionally, radon is a naturally occurring chemical that has associations with 21,000 lung cancer deaths a year in the U.S. Around 2,900 of these people have never smoked.Control moisture: Keep indoor humidity down to an acceptable level by using exhaust fans and vents. A person should also aim to keep moist surfaces clean and dry wherever possible and keep the home ventilated with external fresh air.

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Gas Exchange and Partial Pressures, Animation

(USMLE topics, pulmonology) Partial pressures of gases and gas exchange process in the lungs. Factors that affect gas exchange. This video and other related videos (in HD) are available for instant download licensing here : https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/narrated-videos-by-topics/respiratory-system-basics
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Gas exchange is the major purpose of the respiratory system. Inhaled air unloads oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide in the alveoli of the lungs, while the blood picks up oxygen and unloads carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then travels to body’s tissues, where the reverse process happens.
In the lungs, the gases move across a very thin respiratory membrane which consists of alveolar squamous cells, endothelial cells of blood capillaries, and their fused basement membranes. The exchange of gases occurs due to simple diffusion, as they flow down their concentration gradient, or partial pressure gradient.
Atmospheric air is a mixture of gases, each of which independently contributes to its total pressure. The pressure of each individual gas is known as partial pressure. The atmospheric pressure is the sum of all partial pressures of gases that make up its content. The direction of gas movement from one area to another is determined by the difference in its partial pressure. A gas always moves from higher to lower partial pressure.
Atmospheric air is brought into the lungs through inhalation, but the lungs are not completely emptied and replaced with outside air with each cycle of breathing. In fact, only a relatively small portion of air in the alveoli is refreshed with each breath. This makes the air composition in the alveoli significantly different from that of inhaled air. The gas exchange in the lungs occurs between this alveolar air and the blood in capillaries. Because the volume of blood in pulmonary capillaries at any moment is much smaller than the total volume of air in the alveoli, the gas exchange process essentially brings partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood to the same levels as those in alveolar air. It is therefore important that the composition of alveolar air is closely monitored and adjusted to maintain the same values. The body does just that: if carbon dioxide levels increase or oxygen levels drop, the airways automatically dilate to bring them back to normal, and vice versa.
Since gas exchange occurs between the air and the liquid of the blood, the movement of individual gases also depends on their solubility in water. This explains why nitrogen, despite being plentiful in atmospheric and alveolar air, does not diffuse much into the blood.
Factors that affect gas exchange include:
– The magnitude of partial pressure gradient: the greater the pressure difference, the more rapid the gas movement. At high altitudes, where partial pressures of all atmospheric gases are lower, the gradient for oxygen is smaller and it needs more time to diffuse into the blood.
– The thickness of the respiratory membrane: the thinner the membrane, the faster the gas diffuses. Diseases that cause pulmonary edema, such as pneumonia or left-sided heart failure, increase the thickness of respiratory membrane and hinder gas exchange.
– The amount of gas exchanged is directly proportional to the contact surface between the blood and the alveolar air. Diseases that affect alveolar surface, such as emphysema, reduce gas exchange efficiency and produce low blood oxygen levels.

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