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Explain The Anatomical Concepts Associated With The Integumentary System
Anatomy is the identification and description of the structures of living things. It is a branch of biology and medicine.The study of anatomy dates back more than 2,000 years, to the Ancient Greeks. There are three broad areas: human anatomyanimal anatomy — zootomyplant anatomy — phytotomyHuman anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. An understanding of anatomy is key to the practice of medicine and other areas of health.The word “anatomy” comes from the Greek words “ana,” meaning “up,” and “tome,” meaning “a cutting.” Traditionally, studies of anatomy have involved cutting up, or dissecting, organisms. Now, however, imaging technology can show us much about how the inside of a body works, reducing the need for dissection.Below, learn about the two main approaches: microscopic anatomy and gross, or macroscopic, anatomy.In medicine, gross, macro, or topographical anatomy refers to the study of the biological structures that the eye can see. In other words, a person does not need a microscope to see these features.The study of gross anatomy may involve dissection or noninvasive methods. The aim is to collect data about the larger structures of organs and organ systems.In dissection, a scientist cuts open an organism — a plant or the body of a human or another animal — and examines what they discover inside.Endoscopy is a tool for diagnosing illness, but it can also play a role in research. It involves a scientist or doctor inserting a long, thin tube with a camera at the end into different parts of the body. By passing it through the mouth or rectum, for example, they can examine the inside of the gastrointestinal tract.There are also less invasive methods of investigation. For example, to study the blood vessels of living animals or humans, a scientist or doctor may inject an opaque dye, then use imaging technology, such as angiography, to see the vessels that contain the dye. This reveals how the circulatory system is working and whether there are any blockages.MRI scans, CT scans, PET scans, X-rays, ultrasounds, and other types of imaging can also show what is happening inside a living body.Medical and dental students also perform dissection as part of their practical work during their studies. They may dissect human corpses.Human body systemsStudents of gross anatomy learn about the major systems of the body.There are 11 organ systems in the human body: These systems all work together and depend on each other to function.Microscopic anatomy, also known as histology, is the study of cells and tissues of animals, humans, and plants. These subjects are too small to see without a microscope. Through microscopic anatomy, people can learn about the structure of cells and how they relate to each other.For example, if a person has cancer, examining the tissue under the microscope will reveal how the cancerous cells are acting and how they affect healthy tissue. A researcher may apply histological techniques such as sectioning and staining to tissues and cells. They may then examine them under an electron or light microscope. Sectioning involves cutting tissue into very thin slices for close examination.The aim of staining tissues and cells is to add or enhance color. This makes it easier to identify the specific tissues under investigation.Histology is vital for the understanding and advancement of medicine, veterinary medicine, biology, and other aspects of life science. Scientists use histology for: TeachingIn teaching labs, histology slides can help students learn about the microstructures of biological tissues. DiagnosisDoctors take tissue samples, or biopsies, from people who may have cancer or other illnesses and send the samples to a lab, where a histologist can analyze them. Forensic investigationsIf a person dies unexpectedly, the microscopic study of specific biological tissues can help experts discover the cause. AutopsiesAs in forensic investigations, experts study tissues from deceased people and animals to understand the causes of death. ArcheologyBiological samples from archeological sites can provide useful data about what was happening thousands of years ago. People who work in histology laboratories are called histotechnicans, histotechnologists, or histology technicians. These people prepare the samples for analysis. Histopathologists, also known as pathologists, study and analyze the samples.The technician will use special skills to process samples of biological tissues. The tissues may come from: patients seeking a diagnosis suspects in a crime, if it is a forensic labthe body of a person who has diedThe process involves: trimming samples and applying solutions to preserve themremoving any water, replacing it with paraffin wax, and putting the sample in a wax block to make it easier to sliceslicing the tissue thinly and mounting the slices on slidesapplying stains to make specific parts visibleNext, a histopathologist examines the cells and tissues and interprets what they see. Others can use the histopathologist’s findings to decide on the best course of treatment or help determine how a death, illness, or crime occurred.To become a histotechnologist in the United States, a person needs certification from the American Society for Clinical Pathology. They can start by taking a degree that includes math, biology, and chemistry, then getting onsite experience. Or, a person can attend an accredited histology program. Higher qualifications are also available.To become a pathologist, a person usually needs a degree from a medical school, which takes 4 years to complete, plus 3–7 years of internship and residency programs.Most people working in healthcare have had training in gross anatomy and histology. Paramedics, nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, medical doctors, prosthetists, and biological scientists all need a knowledge of anatomy.
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The Integumentary System, Part 1 – Skin Deep: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #6
Anatomy & Physiology continues with a look at your biggest organ – your skin.
Pssst… we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction: All About Skin 00:00
Skin Layers: Epidermis, Dermis, & Hypodermis 1:30
Types of Epidermal Cells: Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans Cells, and Merkel Cells 2:15
Layers of Skin: Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, and Stratum Basale 4:15
Layers of the Dermis: Papillary, Reticular, and Hypodermis 6:59
Review 8:48
Credits 9:18
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