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Explain Immunological Deficiencies And Over-Reactions Of The Immune System
The immune system protects the body from infection. A person with a weak immune system may be more prone to frequent infections.White blood cells, antibodies, and other components, including organs and lymph nodes, make up the body’s immune system. Many disorders can weaken the immune system and cause a person to become immunocompromised. These disorders can range from mild to severe. Some are present from birth, while others result from environmental factors. They include:People with a weak immune system have a higher risk of experiencing frequent infections and severe symptoms. They may be more prone to pneumonia and other conditions. Bacteria and viruses, including the virus that causes the infection COVID-19, can have a devastating effect on a person with a compromised immune system.In this article, we look at the signs and symptoms of a weak immune system and offer some tips that can help a person stay healthy.The primary symptom of a weakened immune system is susceptibility to infection.A person with a weakened immune system is likely to get infections more frequently than most other people, and these illnesses might be more severe or harder to treat.These individuals may also find themselves dealing with an infection that a person with a stronger immune system would not get.Infections that people with a weak immune system often get include:These infections may recur with a high frequency.People with a weak immune system may also be more likely to experience:autoimmune disordersinflammation of the internal organsblood disorders or abnormalities, such as anemiadigestive issues, including loss of appetite, diarrhea, and abdominal crampinggrowth and developmental delays, in infants and childrenA doctor can do a baseline blood test to identify whether a person has a weak immune system. The test will show whether a person has antibodies in the normal range.People who have a weak immune system can take several steps to maximize their chances of staying healthy and avoiding infections.Good hygieneOne of the easiest ways for a person with a weak immune system to stay healthy is by practicing good hygiene, which includes washing the hands frequently. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend washing the hands at the following times:before, during, and after preparing meals and snacksbefore eatingafter blowing the nose, sneezing, or coughingbefore and after treating a cut or another open skin woundafter having contact with someone who is unwellafter using or helping a child use the bathroomafter changing a diaperafter touching an animal or animal food or wasteafter touching garbageProper hand washing significantly reduces illnesses. According to the CDC, hand washing decreases infectious diarrhea cases by 58% in people with a weak immune system.The CDC also state that hand washing with soap and water can help protect children and minimize the number of deaths from pneumonia and diarrheal disease in those under the age of 5 years.Avoid people who are sickPeople with a weak immune system should avoid being too near to anyone who has a cold or another infection. Viruses and other infectious illnesses can spread from person to person through close contact. They can also spread in the water droplets that a person expels into the air when they cough or sneeze.It is not always possible to avoid people who are ill. However, a person with a weak immune system should always avoid close contact, such as hugging or kissing, with the unwell person until the illness resolves. They should also avoid sharing food and beverages with the person.Self-isolate during the COVID-19 pandemicPeople with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing severe symptoms of COVID-19 after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus.The CDC urge people with an increased risk to:stay at home if possible during the pandemicwash their hands frequentlytry to keep 6 feet away from other peopleclean and disinfect surfaces oftenseek medical help if health issues arisestay in touch with family, caregivers, and others who can help deliver necessary items and take action if the person gets sickClick here to learn how the new coronavirus spreads.Disinfect household objectsGerms that have the potential to cause illnesses can live on some surfaces and items in the home, such as doorknobs and remote controls. A person can reduce the number of germs that inhabit these areas and objects by disinfecting them regularly.Follow a doctor’s advice on vaccinesDoctors generally recommend that most people stay up to date with their vaccines.However, they may advise a person with a weak or compromised immune system to delay or not receive certain shots.If a short-term illness or a medication is responsible for the weak immune system, the person may be able to have the vaccine once the illness has resolved or they have stopped the treatment.Examples of vaccines that doctors may recommend delaying or avoiding include:MMR vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubellalive flu vaccineMMRV vaccine, which combines the MMR vaccine with a varicella-zoster (chickenpox) vaccinerabies vaccineThe CDC recommend a vaccination schedule that most people should try to follow. However, people with a weak immune system should check with a doctor which vaccines are safe for them to have and then follow the doctor’s recommendations. Vaccines can prevent a person from getting seriously ill.Manage stressStress can weaken the immune system further and make a person more susceptible to illness.Some research shows that a person who is under excessive stress is more likely to get sick.People with a weak immune system should take steps to manage their stress. Practices that may reduce and manage stress include:yogameditationmassagespending time pursuing hobbiesstaying in touch with friends, relatives, and others who can offer support Get enough sleepAccording to research, sleep deprivation has a similar effect on the body’s immune system as stress. Lack of sleep disrupts the normal production of white blood cells, a crucial component of the body’s immune system.According to the CDC, adults should aim for at least 7 hours of sleep per day, while infants and children need between 8 and 17 hours of sleep, depending on their age.Eat a healthful dietA person with a weak immune system should eat a healthful diet.Eating a healthful, balanced diet can improve a person’s overall well-being.For people with a weak immune system, doctors generally recommend a diet that is rich in vegetables and fruit, which will provide plenty of nutrients.If a person is very immunocompromised, for example, because they are undergoing cancer treatment, a doctor may recommend that they take extra steps to avoid foodborne illnesses.These may include:washing all fruits and vegetables before peeling themavoiding undercooked meats, fish, and eggsrefrigerating food promptlychoosing pasteurized juices and dairy products over unpasteurized productsExercise regularlyRegular exercise keeps the body healthy. In addition to strengthening the body, exercise causes it to release endorphins that reduce stress levels. However, those with a weak immune system should be careful not to push themselves too hard, as this can weaken the immune system further.Therefore, people with a weak immune system may wish to avoid exercising:at too high an intensitytoo frequentlyfor extended periods without stopping to restHowever, regular, low intensity exercise is likely to be beneficial.Consider taking supplementsSome vitamins and minerals affect the immune system. For example, a person who has a vitamin C deficiency can have weakened immunity.Other vitamins and minerals that can affect immune function include:It is worth noting that while certain nutrients are essential for supporting the immune system, they will not cure or prevent any disease. It is best to get nutrients from dietary sources where possible, but if this proves challenging, supplements may help with immunity. Many different supplements, including multivitamins, are available to purchase in health stores or online.
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The Immune System: Innate Defenses and Adaptive Defenses
There are so many critters out there, bacteria and viruses that want to wreak havoc in our bodies. How do we defend ourselves against such tiny threats? The immune system! This is quite possibly the most profoundly remarkable aspect of the human body. It almost defies comprehension, the resourcefulness and efficiency of this system. An in-depth analysis will require an entire separate immunology course which will come in the future, let’s just get our feet wet for the moment!
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