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About How Many Different Diseases Are Currently Considered Zoonotic Diseases

Zoonosis is the name given to diseases or infections that can be transmitted between humans and animals.Many people interact with animals during their daily lives, and millions of households in the United States have pets. Other people come into contact with animals through their work, such as farming, or in the wild.In this article, we look at the common types of zoonotic diseases and how they can be prevented.Share on PinterestMany different types of animals may spread zoonotic diseases, including chickens.Zoonosis refers to diseases that can be passed from animals to humans. They are sometimes called zoonotic diseases.Animals can carry harmful germs, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. These are then shared with humans and cause illness. Zoonotic diseases range from mild to severe, and some can even be fatal.Zoonotic diseases are widespread both in the U.S. and worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 61 percent of all human diseases are zoonotic in origin, while 75 percent of new diseases discovered in the last decade are zoonotic.Before the introduction of new hygiene regulations around 100 years ago, zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of deaths. They are still a major problem in developing countries.Common zoonotic illnesses include:RabiesRabies is a disease that affects the nervous system of mammals. It is usually caused by a virus and is transmitted if an infected animal bites a person or other animal.Rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. However, rabies vaccines exist and are commonly available.Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted feverLyme disease is transmitted through tick bites. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, but it can be treated using antibiotics.Dengue, malaria, and chikungunyaThese are mosquito-borne diseases and are more common in certain areas, such as the Caribbean.Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and headaches. It is vital to treat these conditions as soon as possible, as they can be fatal.Salmonella infectionSalmonella is often caused by handling reptiles or amphibians that carry Salmonella, or by handling baby chicks or ducks.The illness usually lasts for between 4 and 7 days, and symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. People can usually recover without medical treatment, although conservative measures are recommended.E. coli infectionThis infection is often caused by touching infected animals or handling contaminated food. Cows also have E. coli germs on their udders.Often associated with food poisoning, salmonella can cause vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. It is essential that infected people rest and drink plenty of fluids.PsittacosisAlso known as ornithosis or parrot fever, psittacosis is a bacterial disease that most often affects birds. Humans can get it from feathers, secretions, and droppings.Symptoms include fever, headache, and dry cough. In serious cases, it may cause pneumonia and require a hospital visit.Other typesThere are hundreds of zoonotic diseases, but many are rare. Other well-known types include:Zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans in several different ways, including:Direct contactShare on PinterestDirect contact is one potential cause of the spread of zoonotic diseases.Direct contact involves coming into contact with the bodily fluids of an infected animal, such as saliva, blood, urine, mucus, or feces.This can happen because of merely touching or petting infected animals, or being bitten or scratched by one.Water resources that are contaminated by manure can also contain a great variety of zoonotic bacteria and therefore increase the risk of that bacteria transferring to humans.Indirect contactIndirect contact involves coming into contact with an area where infected animals live or roam, or by touching an object that has been contaminated by an infected animal.Common areas where this occurs include:aquarium tankschicken coopspet baskets, cages, or kennelspet food and water dishesplants and soil where infected animals have beenFarmers, abattoir workers, zoo or pet shop workers, and veterinarians have an increased risk of being exposed to zoonotic diseases. They can also become carriers and pass those diseases on to other people.Vector-borneA vector is a living organism that transfers an infection from an animal to a human, or another animal.They are often arthropods. Common vectors include:The vector will bite the infected animal and then bite a human, passing on the zoonotic disease.Food-borneZoonosis can come from contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, or inadequate cooking.Around 1 in 6 American people will get sick at some point in their lives by eating or drinking contaminated food or drink.Common causes of zoonosis through food-borne include:unpasteurized milkundercooked meat or eggsraw fruit and vegetables contaminated with feces from an infected animalOther causesGlobal climate change, the overuse of antimicrobials in medicine, and more intensified farm settings are also thought to influence the increasing rate of zoonotic diseases.People with a weakened immune system are also at greater risk. Common causes of immune-suppression include:Share on PinterestPracticing good hygiene by washing hands after handling animals and before preparing food may help to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases.People come into contact with animals all the time, but there are several steps a person can take to help prevent infection. These include:Keeping hands clean: Washing hands with clean soap and running water after being around animals, even if not touching them, can stop germs spreading.Choosing a pet wisely: Thoroughly researching types of pets and taking steps to be safe around them can help prevent disease.Preventing bites from mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas: Using bug sprays, wearing long trousers and sleeves, and staying away from wooded areas can help prevent bites.Handling food safely: A person can prevent infections, such as salmonella, by ensuring food is cooked properly, that food preparation areas are clean, and by washing dishes and pots after use.Researching diseases before travel: Being aware of the different types of zoonotic diseases when traveling and taking precautionary steps with vaccines are essential.

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COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease. What are zoonotic diseases?

We may not be absolutely certain about the origin of COVID-19, but, what we know for a fact is that most human disease-causing pathogens came from animals. And when I say most, I mean over 60% of them. This transference of a disease from an animal to human beings is called Zoonoses, and all such diseases collectively are called zoonotic diseases.

All recent epidemics have their origin in animals. For example, the extremely fatal ebolavirus, which had killed 11,323 people between 2014-2016 in west Africa, was transmitted either from bats or non-human primates. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or the SARS epidemic of 2002-03 was caused by civet cats, and the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome or MERS came from camels. Even the roots of influenza or the common flu can be found in birds and pigs. And, HIV came from monkeys. The list goes on and on.

Yet zoonotic differ in the way they are transmitted. Dog owners are conscious that their pets need vaccination against rabies. Rabies is spread among humans through a bite of an infected dog. This is called direct transmission. Similarly, influenza which can be transmitted through air or SARS which may have been acquired by meat handlers directly from the animal are examples of direct transmission. Direct transmission is when a human acquires an animal disease straight from the infected animal.

In contrast, diseases can also be delivered to humans through an intermediary or a vector. Here the vector, like a mosquito, is just transporting the pathogen. But the mosquito does not get infected instead it transfers it to a human. The Zika fever is one such example, where mosquitos may have first introduced the virus to humans from monkeys. Or the African sleeping sickness, the microbe of which is transported by the Tse Tse fly from wild and domesticated animals to infect humans.

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