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A Global Metagenomic Map Of Urban Microbiomes And Antimicrobial Resistance

Share on PinterestNew research looks at how a genetic atlas may help predict future outbreaks. FrankRamspott/Getty ImagesA global survey has identified the bacteria, viruses, and archaea that live in the mass transit systems of 60 major cities.Each city has a distinct mix of microorganisms, which its unique climate and geography determine.The survey reveals that bacterial genes conferring resistance to antibiotics are widespread in the urban environment.Allied with microbial data from farms and sewage, the atlas could provide an early warning system for the spread of antimicrobial resistance and outbreaks of infectious disease.“If you gave me your shoe, I could tell you with about 90% accuracy the city in the world from which you came,” says Christopher Mason, Ph.D., a professor at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, NY.Prof. Mason and collaborators around the world swabbed railings, seats, and ticket kiosks on bus networks and subways in 60 cities.Over 3 years, the scientists collected 4,728 samples and sent them to a lab at Weill Cornell Medicine for analysis.The lab used a technique called shotgun metagenomic sequencing to identify 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms from their DNA.They also found 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, and two archaea that were unknown to science.They discovered that each city has a unique microbial fingerprint, likely as a result of differences in climate and geography. In addition, there was a “core” set of 31 species that are not found in the human body but cropped up in 97% of all the samples.The scientists have published their findings — which they describe as the “first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem” — in the journal Cell.They write that every day, billions of the people who live in cities come into contact with surfaces in mass transit systems, such as subways and bus networks.Travelers bring with them the harmless “commensal” microbes that live in and on their bodies and come into contact with the organisms already in the environment. This allowed the scientists to use the collective microbial genome or “microbiome” of mass transit systems as a proxy for the urban microbiome as a whole.Prof. Mason started collecting and analyzing microbial samples from the New York City subway in 2013.When he published his initial findings, researchers from all over the world began to contact him, asking for advice about surveying their own cities.Prof. Mason developed a protocol to standardize the sampling so that, for example, each survey included swabs from benches, handrails, and the counters of ticket booths — places where travelers either sit or put their hands.“[T]hese are the most ‘high touch’ surfaces in most cities, and we wanted to also have locations that would be uniform across the sampled cities,” Prof. Mason explained to MNT in an email.The latest study revealed that many different bacterial genes that confer resistance to common antibiotics are widespread in the urban environment.The most common resistance genes that the researchers identified allow bacteria to survive exposure to two major classes of antibiotics, known as MLS and beta-lactam antiobiotics.Healthcare professionals use these antimicrobials to treat respiratory, sexually transmitted, and skin diseases, among many other infections.In 2015, Prof. Mason co-founded the international Metagenomics and Metadesign of Subways and Urban Biomes (MetaSUB) consortium, which incorporates samples from air, water, and sewage, in addition to hard surfaces.He and his co-authors envisage a “global sentinel monitoring network” to track antimicrobial resistance and the spread of infectious organisms. This would incorporate microbial data from livestock and farms, for example, and sewage from cities.They write:“[A] continually updated, global microbial genetic atlas has the potential to aid physicians, public health departments, government officials, and scientists in tracing, diagnosing, and predicting epidemiological risks and trends.”They believe that the COVID-19 pandemic has thrown the need for global microbial surveillance into sharp relief.MNT asked Prof. Mason whether his study provided a blueprint for how such an international system might work and whether he thought that there was now the political will for it.“Yes indeed — and it could work within cities and countries and then feed these data to WHO [the World Health Organization],” he said. “This paper is a good example of how such a system could work, and we’ve also made a site that lets you browse the data.”One important limitation of the current study was that it only sequenced DNA. Future projects will also sequence RNA, which is the genetic material of many important viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.In addition to helping track infections and microbial resistance, the urban microbiome could prove to be a valuable resource for new therapies.Genetic sequence data from the current project contained more than 800,000 CRISPR arrays of which researchers were previously unaware. CRISPR arrays are DNA sequences that bacteria use to detect and destroy the viruses that prey on them. Geneticists can use the arrays to create tools to edit genes, which could one day lead to treatments for inherited diseases. The project also turned up novel antimicrobial compounds. “People often think a rainforest is a bounty of biodiversity and new molecules for therapies, but the same is true of a subway railing or bench,” says Prof. Mason.

Video about A Global Metagenomic Map Of Urban Microbiomes And Antimicrobial Resistance

Sampling Tutorial | Urban Metagenomics, Swabs, Environmental Microbiome, Antimicrobial Resistance

In this video, we demonstrate how to collect swab samples for metagenomic sequencing of the urban environment. Here we use the isohelical buccal swabs for sampling and we store the swabs in a barcoded tube containing a solution to maintain the integrity of the DNA/RNA samples. Basic protocols on how collect, store and record the negative and positive control samples were also demonstrated.

The aim of this standard operating procedure (SOP) was to standardize the sampling procedure in order to ensure high quality control across the various cities and sampling teams.

1. It is important to identify the specific sites to which you would want to take samples from. For example, in the case of the MetaSUB project, we have taken our samples from multiple sites around the public transportation such as subways and bus stops. We are curious of what microbes are living and what are they doing in this environment and their potential effects on human health and disease. We have taken our samples from elevator buttons, ticket machines, escalator handrail, and benches, among others.

2. For RAPID metagenome project, as we have demonstrated in the video, we have taken our swab samples in the public toilet particularly the toilet bowl and the male urinal. Other public areas such as shopping malls, city halls, churches, restaurants, cafes, post office, and parks. We recommend to collect samples from high contact surfaces found in most cities including toilets, sinks, door handles, benches and seats, etc.

3. Before you begin, it is essential to practice personal hygiene such as hand washing, wearing mask, and wearing of gloves to avoid potential background contamination of DNA, RNA and other biological material coming from our hands, from the air, and from the surrounding environment.

4. When you are ready to perform the sampling, carefully pick the swab from its packaging and try not to touch the tip of the swab.

5. Moisten the swab in the barcoded tube containing a buffer that is optimized for both DNA and RNA preservation. By moistening the swab prior to sampling, the swab matrix would take up more microflora already saturated with the transport medium.

6. Swab the selected surface for 3 minutes. Firmly drag the swab across the surface using both sides and using different angles to ensure highest yield.

7. The tubes can be transported to the laboratory at room temperature, however, it must be stored at a -20 C or -80 C freezer until DNA extraction.

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